A letter dated at Orléans 14 August 1493 from Francesco della Casa to Pietro de’ Medici records that the Queen “, "Trivulziana Cod. He is the first historically known king of Sweden by the name of Karl, but use of Charles … When the court’s pressure brought him to a mental breakdown he decided to … Charles V (born 1337, ruled 1364–80) was called Charles the Wise. In 1489, Pope Innocent VIII (1484–1492), then being at odds with Ferdinand I of Naples, offered Naples to Charles, who had a vague claim to the Kingdom of Naples through his paternal grandmother, Marie of Anjou. Anne, who feared for the independence of her duchy against the ambitions of France, arranged a marriage in 1490 between herself and the widower Maximilian. Charles was also urged on in this adventure by his favorite courtier, Étienne de Vesc. Charles VIII, called the Affable (French: l'Affable; 30 June 1470 – 7 April 1498), was King of France from 1483 to his death in 1498. The new state would have impacted on Milan more than any of the other states involved. His mental state suffered as well, producing often erratic and perverse behavior. At the Fornovo in July 1495, the League was unable to stop Charles from marching his army out of Italy. Charles succeeded to the throne on 30 August 1483 at the age of 13. Charles VIII was the last king of France in the direct line of the Valois dynasty. Mary was fairly well most of her life but she grew increasingly ill during 1532 … Eventually, in 1493, she was returned to her family, together with her dowry – though the Duchy of Burgundy was retained in the Treaty of Senlis. Volume 3. "He died peacefully," a Buckingham Palace spokesperson said at the time. Margaret brought the counties of Artois and Burgundy to France as her dowry, and she was raised in the French court as a prospective queen. [citation needed] Consequently, in 1493, Ludovico Sforza, the Duke of Milan, appealed for help to Charles VIII. His maternal grandfather was King Ferdinand II of Spain, who died in 1516, which allowed Charles V to succeed the throne. The regent Anne of France and her husband Peter refused to countenance such a marriage, however, since it would place Maximilian and his family, the Habsburgs, on two French borders. Buried at Tours Cathedral. He believed that once Charles had ousted the evil sinners of Florence, the city would become a center of morality. [5] Anne of Brittany was forced to renounce Maximilian (whom she had only married by proxy) and agree to be married to Charles VIII instead.[6]. Over the next few years, Charles VIII tried to rebuild his army and resume the campaign, but he was hampered by the large debts incurred in 1494–95. In 1488, however, Francis II, Duke of Brittany, died in a riding accident, leaving his 11-year-old daughter Anne as his heir. Henry’s reign is well researched due in no small part to the political and religious turmoil of the period. [21] At around 2:00 p.m., while returning from the game, he fell into a sudden coma and died nine hours later. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Charles was betrothed on 22 July 1483 to the 3-year-old Margaret of Austria, daughter of the Archduke Maximilian of Austria (later Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I) and Mary, Duchess of Burgundy. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.06.094. Background . To secure his rights to the Neapolitan throne that René of Anjou had left to his father, Charles made a series of concessions to neighbouring monarchs and conquered the Italian peninsula without much opposition. He was the second son of King Adolf Frederick of Sweden and Louisa Ulrika of Prussia, sister of Frederick the Great.. In 1515 Charles ruled over the Netherlands and Burgundy after his father Phillip’s death in 1506, at the age of 15 years old. N. 1458: A New Testimony of the "Landus Report, Provisional Government of the French Republic, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_VIII_of_France&oldid=1005165092, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017, Wikipedia articles with CANTIC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with PLWABN identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WORLDCATID identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Charles died in 1498, two and a half years after his retreat from Italy, as the result of an accident. Thus, Charles came to imagine himself capable of actually taking Naples, and invaded Italy. The standard work, in French, is Claude Joseph de Cherrier, Histoire de Charles VIII (2 vols., 2d ed. He was regarded by his contemporaries as possessing a pleasant disposition, but also as foolish and unsuited for the business of the state. In the 2011 French-German historical drama Borgia, Charles VIII is played by Simon Larvaron. Upon his marriage, Charles became administrator of Brittany and established a personal union that enabled France to avoid total encirclement by Habsburg territories. Charles died in 1498, two and a half years after his retreat from Italy, as the result of an accident. The English monarch Henry VII had forced Charles to abandon his support for the pretender Perkin Warbeck by despatching an expedition which laid siege to Boulogne. National Resources; Prior to accepting the position of SAMHSA Regional Administrator, Charles Smith, Ph.D. served as the Director of the Division of Behavioral Health, Colorado Department of Human Services and Deputy Commissioner of Mental Health and Substance … This article summarizes the reign, life and death, of Charles VIII of France. Charles was born at the Château d'Amboise in France, the only surviving son of King Louis XI by his second wife Charlotte of Savoy. The French army invaded Brittany, taking advantage of the preoccupation of Maximilian and his father, Emperor Frederick III, with the disputed succession to Mathias Corvinus, King of Hungary. This book describes in some detail the First and Second Italian wars. He was regarded by his contemporarie… Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Innocent's policy of meddling in the affairs of other Italian states[11] was continued by his successor, Pope Alexander VI (1492–1503), when the latter supported a plan for a carving out a new state in central Italy. The speed and power of the French advance frightened the other Italian rulers, including the Pope and even Ludovico of Milan. He devoted France's resources to building up a large army, including one of Europe's first siege trains with artillery. In December 1491, in an elaborate ceremony at the Château de Langeais, Charles and Anne of Brittany were married. The expedition of Charles VIII into Italy and the Battle of Fornovo, offers an accurate analysis of every frantic stage of the battle. To secure France against invasions, Charles made treaties with Maximilian I of Austria (the Treaty of Barcelona with Maximilian of Austria on 19 January 1493)[9] and England, (the Treaty of Étaples with England on 3 November 1492)[10] buying their neutrality with large concessions. In an event that was to prove a watershed in Italian history,[15] Charles invaded Italy with 25,000 men (including 8,000 Swiss mercenaries) in September 1494 and marched across the peninsula virtually unopposed. References: Christopher Hibbert : The rise and fall of the house of Medici, Penguin Books, 1974. Buried at Tours Cathedral. Henry VIII with Charles V and Pope Leon X, circa 1520 . Further Reading on Charles VIII. On 25 January 1494, Ferdinand I, King of Naples, died unexpectedly. Around the king there was a circle of court poets, the most memorable being the Italian humanist Publio Fausto Andrelini from Forlì, who spread the New Learning in France. While on his way to watch a game of jeu de paume (real tennis) in Amboise he struck his head on the lintel of a door.At around 2 PM, while returning from the game, he fell into a sudden coma, and died nine hours later, perhaps of a subdural hematoma. They formed an anti-French coalition, the League of Venice on 31 March 1495. Although the cancellation of her betrothal meant that she by rights should have been returned to her family, Charles did not initially do so, intending to marry her usefully elsewhere in France. Also we intend to investigate current views on his cause of death, contradictions and opinions of his biographers. The health of this weird Tudor family really is a family affair that won’t yield its secrets any time soon. Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. [12] The next year in 1494, Milan faced an additional threat. He never succeeded in gaining anything substantive. The event of the king's death is depicted in the TV series Borgia with a small twist: in the episode, Charles himself plays a game of jeu de paume with Cesare Borgia and loses; while leaving the game, Charles strikes his head on the lintel of a door. The marriage was arranged by Louis XI, Maximilian, and the Estates of the Low Countries as part of the 1482 Peace of Arras between France and the Duchy of Burgundy. A struggle between the French monarchy and the Spanish monarch Fernand of Aragon. His health was poor. Prince Charles may not become King Charles III © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. In order to stymie these efforts, Louis XII had his 24-year childless marriage to Charles's sister, Joan, annulled and married Anne.[23]. Although among his doctors there had already been appointed Coictier, Guissarme, Moulens, and Claude, the king delegated to his son the highly cultivated master Adam Fumée, who had already treated Charles VII (1403–1461). His godparents were Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (the godchild's namesake), Joan of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon, and the teenage Edward of Westminster, the son of Henry VI of England who had been living in France since the deposition of his father by Edward IV. Since he had no male heir, he was succeeded by his 2nd cousin once removed, Louis XII from the Orléans cadet branch of the House of Valois. Francis, Dauphin of France (July 1497). However, his expedition did strengthen cultural ties to Italy, energizing French art and literature in the latter part of the Renaissance. Upon his death, the throne passed to his brother-in-law and second cousin once removed, Louis XII. SAMHSA Region VIII 1961 Stout Street Room 11-134 Denver, CO 80239 303-844-7873 Charles.Smith@samhsa.hhs.gov. He succeeded his father Louis XI at the age of 13. However, Charles's marriage brought him independence from his relatives and thereafter he managed affairs according to his own inclinations. The formation of the League of Venice, which included the northern Italian states of Duchy of Milan, the Republic of Venice, the Duchy of Mantua, and the Republic of Florence in addition to the Kingdom of Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Naples, appeared to have trapped Charles in southern Italy and blocked his return to France. The famous friar Savonarola believed that King Charles VIII was God's tool to purify the corruption of Florence. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. A Cranial Trauma was the Cause of Death of Charles VIII of France (1470–1498). [2] His godparents were Charles II, Duke of Bourbon (the godchild's namesake), Joan of Valois, Duchess of Bourbon, and the teenage Edward of Westminster, the son of Henry VI of England who had been living in France since the deposition of his father by Edward IV. His health was poor. [22], Charles bequeathed a meagre legacy: he left France in debt and in disarray as a result of his ambition. The most infamous mystery in British royal history is still unsolved — although one man has been the prime suspect for over 500 years. While on his way to watch a game of jeu de paume (real tennis) in Amboise he struck his head on the lintel of a door. [14] Alfonso II now urged Charles to take Milan militarily. The reader will be transported into the heart of battle and exposed to the rumble of thunder and the clash of arms. He was of very poor health indeed, … Charles was born at the Château d'Amboise in France, the only surviving son of King Louis XI by his second wife Charlotte of Savoy. Thus, Florence was the appropriate place to restructure the Church. Poisoning, disease, and injury are the possible causes of his death but, according to the literature, cranial trauma was the most probable cause of death of the King Charles VIII of France. Later that month, on May 28, 1972, the former King Edward VIII succumbed to throat cancer. Preoccupied by the problematic succession in the Kingdom of Hungary, Maximilian failed to press his claim. Reaching Naples on 22 February 1495,[17] the French Army took Naples without a pitched battle or siege; Alfonso was expelled, and Charles was crowned King of Naples. There is no adequate biography of Charles VIII in English. In a remarkable stroke of audacity, Charles married Anne of Brittany in 1491 after she had already been married by proxy to the Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I in a ceremony of questionable validity. In 1509, at the young age of eighteen, Henry VIII ascended to the throne. In … Charles died in 1498, two and a half years after his retreat from Italy, as the result of an accident. Alfonso II laid claim to the Milanese duchy. The 14-year-old Duchess Anne, not happy with the arranged marriage, arrived for her wedding with her entourage carrying two beds. As Charles was of delicate health, he was made to reside at Amboise. Charles VII (actually Charles I) [1] [2] or Carl, Swedish: Karl Sverkersson, (c. 1130 – 12 April 1167), was ruler of Gothenland, and then King of Sweden from circa 1161 to 1167, when he was assassinated.. A coalition formed against the French invasion of 1494–98 finally drove out Charles' army, but Italian Wars would dominate Western European politics for over 50 years. He was not himself a good warrior because of his poor health, but with the aid of his general Bertrand du Guesclin, he succeeded in driving the English almost completely out of France. Francois Guizot :A popular history of France. Mary, duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; her crucial marriage to the archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I), son of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III, resulted in Habsburg control of the … He and his two immediate successors, also named Charles, reigned during the Hundred Years’ War with the English. In 1483, Edward IV died unexpectedly, making his 12-year-old son Edward V.However, before his coronation, Edward V was abducted by his father's brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester. Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the article content was composed in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Member of the house of Dreux-Montfort, tracing descent back to … In 1542, Henry and Charles would join forces again to fight France—traditionally England’s chief rival—in what would be the third French war of Henry’s reign. Charles, Dauphin of France (8 September 1496 – 2 October 1496). Mother: Margaret of Foix, daughter of Queen Eleanor of Navarre and Gaston IV, Count of Foix Father: Francis II, Duke of Brittany, who fought with King Louis and Charles VIII of France to keep Brittany independent, and who protected Henry Tudor who had fled England and would later become King Henry VII of England. During a pilgrimage to pay respects to his father's remains, Charles observed Mont Aiguille and ordered Antoine de Ville to ascend to the summit in an early technical alpine climb, later alluded to by Rabelais.[7][8]. 1870). Because of his frailty as a child, Charles was not allowed to participate in vigorous activity, whether mental or physical. Charles VIII, known as "l'Affable", born June 30, 1470 at the Château d'Amboise, died April 7, 1498 at the same place, was King of France from 1483 to 1498. The marriage with Anne resulted in the birth of six recorded children, who all died young: Charles VIII's invasion of Italy and his relations with Pope Alexander VI are depicted in the novel The Sultan's Helmsman. The only son of Louis XI (ruled 1461 – 1483) of France and Charlotte of Savoy, he was born on 30 June 1470. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. [13] His death made Alfonso II, king of Naples. Meanwhile, Charles' remaining garrisons in Naples were quickly subdued by Aragonese forces sent by Ferdinand II of Aragon, ally of Alfonso on 6–7 July 1495. Charles V was the oldest son of Phillip of Netherlands and Hapsburgs and Joanna of Spain. Charles was born into political strife in Europe as the Habsburgs tried to control the entire continent. This situation would eventually spill over into another conflict between Pope Alexander VI, who despised the idea of having the king in northern Italy where the Pope feared the King of France would interfere with the Papal States,[18] and Savonarola, who called for the king's intervention. [1] His elder sister Anne acted as regent jointly with her husband Peter II, Duke of Bourbon[1][2] until 1491 when the young king turned 21 years of age. Henry Viii is considered very lucky not to have inherited the family illness that killed his sisters. Buried at Notre-Dame de Cléry. He was the seventh of the eight children and the fourth and the only surviving son of the five sons of King Louis XI of France and his second wife Charlotte of Savoy.Out of his parents’ eight children, only Charles and his sisters Anne and Jeanne survived childhood. Queen Anne lived at the Clos Lucé in Amboise. Born in Charlottenlund,Denmark on 1872 to Frederik VIII Christian Wilhelm Karl von Glücksburg Schleswig-Holstein, King of Denmark and Louise Josephine Eugenie Bernadotte. [16] The French army subdued Florence in passing on their way south. King Charles VIII of France was born at the Château d’Amboise in France on June 30, 1470. Meanwhile, although King Edward VIII kept his Christian name, he was always known to his family and friends as David, his last middle name. This conflict would eventually lead Savonarola to be suspected of heresy and to be executed by the State. In accordance with the wishes of Louis XI, the regency of the kingdom was granted to Charles' elder sister Anne, a formidably intelligent and shrewd woman described by her father as "the least foolish woman in France. Charles II of Spain was born November 6, 1661 and became king in 1665 at the tender young age of four. His mother ruled as a regent for 10 years until Charles was a teenager. Amateur Treasure Hunter Unearths Missing Centerpiece of Henry VIII’s Crown The gold figurine, valued at roughly £2 million, depicts 15th-century …